The division between Sunni and Shiite Muslims is primarily based on what aspect?

The division between Sunni and Shiite Muslims primarily centers around the line of succession in Islam. This split originated shortly after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century, specifically over who should lead the Muslim community. Sunnis believe that the leader, or caliph, should be chosen based on consensus or election among the community, which led to the selection of Abu Bakr, a close companion of Muhammad, as the first caliph. In contrast, Shiites hold that leadership should remain within the Prophet's family, particularly appointing Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, as his rightful successor.

This fundamental disagreement about succession shaped not only religious practices but also political identities and social structures within the Muslim world. As such, while texts, rituals, and geography may highlight differences in varied ways, the underlying cause of the Sunni-Shiite split lies in their contrasting views on leadership following Muhammad’s death.